package utf8
import "unicode/utf8"
Package utf8 implements functions and constants to support text encoded in UTF-8. It includes functions to translate between runes and UTF-8 byte sequences. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
Index ¶
- Constants
- func AppendRune(p []byte, r rune) []byte
- func DecodeLastRune(p []byte) (r rune, size int)
- func DecodeLastRuneInString(s string) (r rune, size int)
- func DecodeRune(p []byte) (r rune, size int)
- func DecodeRuneInString(s string) (r rune, size int)
- func EncodeRune(p []byte, r rune) int
- func FullRune(p []byte) bool
- func FullRuneInString(s string) bool
- func RuneCount(p []byte) int
- func RuneCountInString(s string) (n int)
- func RuneLen(r rune) int
- func RuneStart(b byte) bool
- func Valid(p []byte) bool
- func ValidRune(r rune) bool
- func ValidString(s string) bool
Examples ¶
- AppendRune
- DecodeLastRune
- DecodeLastRuneInString
- DecodeRune
- DecodeRuneInString
- EncodeRune
- EncodeRune (OutOfRange)
- FullRune
- FullRuneInString
- RuneCount
- RuneCountInString
- RuneLen
- RuneStart
- Valid
- ValidRune
- ValidString
Constants ¶
const ( RuneError = '\uFFFD' // the "error" Rune or "Unicode replacement character" RuneSelf = 0x80 // characters below RuneSelf are represented as themselves in a single byte. MaxRune = '\U0010FFFF' // Maximum valid Unicode code point. UTFMax = 4 // maximum number of bytes of a UTF-8 encoded Unicode character. )
Numbers fundamental to the encoding.
Functions ¶
func AppendRune ¶
AppendRune appends the UTF-8 encoding of r to the end of p and returns the extended buffer. If the rune is out of range, it appends the encoding of RuneError.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { buf1 := utf8.AppendRune(nil, 0x10000) buf2 := utf8.AppendRune([]byte("init"), 0x10000) fmt.Println(string(buf1)) fmt.Println(string(buf2)) }
Output:
𐀀 init𐀀
func DecodeLastRune ¶
DecodeLastRune unpacks the last UTF-8 encoding in p and returns the rune and its width in bytes. If p is empty it returns (RuneError, 0). Otherwise, if the encoding is invalid, it returns (RuneError, 1). Both are impossible results for correct, non-empty UTF-8.
An encoding is invalid if it is incorrect UTF-8, encodes a rune that is out of range, or is not the shortest possible UTF-8 encoding for the value. No other validation is performed.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { b := []byte("Hello, 世界") for len(b) > 0 { r, size := utf8.DecodeLastRune(b) fmt.Printf("%c %v\n", r, size) b = b[:len(b)-size] } }
Output:
界 3 世 3 1 , 1 o 1 l 1 l 1 e 1 H 1
func DecodeLastRuneInString ¶
DecodeLastRuneInString is like DecodeLastRune but its input is a string. If s is empty it returns (RuneError, 0). Otherwise, if the encoding is invalid, it returns (RuneError, 1). Both are impossible results for correct, non-empty UTF-8.
An encoding is invalid if it is incorrect UTF-8, encodes a rune that is out of range, or is not the shortest possible UTF-8 encoding for the value. No other validation is performed.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { str := "Hello, 世界" for len(str) > 0 { r, size := utf8.DecodeLastRuneInString(str) fmt.Printf("%c %v\n", r, size) str = str[:len(str)-size] } }
Output:
界 3 世 3 1 , 1 o 1 l 1 l 1 e 1 H 1
func DecodeRune ¶
DecodeRune unpacks the first UTF-8 encoding in p and returns the rune and its width in bytes. If p is empty it returns (RuneError, 0). Otherwise, if the encoding is invalid, it returns (RuneError, 1). Both are impossible results for correct, non-empty UTF-8.
An encoding is invalid if it is incorrect UTF-8, encodes a rune that is out of range, or is not the shortest possible UTF-8 encoding for the value. No other validation is performed.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { b := []byte("Hello, 世界") for len(b) > 0 { r, size := utf8.DecodeRune(b) fmt.Printf("%c %v\n", r, size) b = b[size:] } }
Output:
H 1 e 1 l 1 l 1 o 1 , 1 1 世 3 界 3
func DecodeRuneInString ¶
DecodeRuneInString is like DecodeRune but its input is a string. If s is empty it returns (RuneError, 0). Otherwise, if the encoding is invalid, it returns (RuneError, 1). Both are impossible results for correct, non-empty UTF-8.
An encoding is invalid if it is incorrect UTF-8, encodes a rune that is out of range, or is not the shortest possible UTF-8 encoding for the value. No other validation is performed.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { str := "Hello, 世界" for len(str) > 0 { r, size := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(str) fmt.Printf("%c %v\n", r, size) str = str[size:] } }
Output:
H 1 e 1 l 1 l 1 o 1 , 1 1 世 3 界 3
func EncodeRune ¶
EncodeRune writes into p (which must be large enough) the UTF-8 encoding of the rune. If the rune is out of range, it writes the encoding of RuneError. It returns the number of bytes written.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { r := '世' buf := make([]byte, 3) n := utf8.EncodeRune(buf, r) fmt.Println(buf) fmt.Println(n) }
Output:
[228 184 150] 3
Example (OutOfRange)¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { runes := []rune{ // Less than 0, out of range. -1, // Greater than 0x10FFFF, out of range. 0x110000, // The Unicode replacement character. utf8.RuneError, } for i, c := range runes { buf := make([]byte, 3) size := utf8.EncodeRune(buf, c) fmt.Printf("%d: %d %[2]s %d\n", i, buf, size) } }
Output:
0: [239 191 189] � 3 1: [239 191 189] � 3 2: [239 191 189] � 3
func FullRune ¶
FullRune reports whether the bytes in p begin with a full UTF-8 encoding of a rune. An invalid encoding is considered a full Rune since it will convert as a width-1 error rune.
Example¶
Code:play
package main
import (
"fmt"
"unicode/utf8"
)
func main() {
buf := []byte{228, 184, 150} // 世
fmt.Println(utf8.FullRune(buf))
fmt.Println(utf8.FullRune(buf[:2]))
}
Output:
true false
func FullRuneInString ¶
FullRuneInString is like FullRune but its input is a string.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { str := "世" fmt.Println(utf8.FullRuneInString(str)) fmt.Println(utf8.FullRuneInString(str[:2])) }
Output:
true false
func RuneCount ¶
RuneCount returns the number of runes in p. Erroneous and short encodings are treated as single runes of width 1 byte.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { buf := []byte("Hello, 世界") fmt.Println("bytes =", len(buf)) fmt.Println("runes =", utf8.RuneCount(buf)) }
Output:
bytes = 13 runes = 9
func RuneCountInString ¶
RuneCountInString is like RuneCount but its input is a string.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { str := "Hello, 世界" fmt.Println("bytes =", len(str)) fmt.Println("runes =", utf8.RuneCountInString(str)) }
Output:
bytes = 13 runes = 9
func RuneLen ¶
RuneLen returns the number of bytes required to encode the rune. It returns -1 if the rune is not a valid value to encode in UTF-8.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { fmt.Println(utf8.RuneLen('a')) fmt.Println(utf8.RuneLen('界')) }
Output:
1 3
func RuneStart ¶
RuneStart reports whether the byte could be the first byte of an encoded, possibly invalid rune. Second and subsequent bytes always have the top two bits set to 10.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { buf := []byte("a界") fmt.Println(utf8.RuneStart(buf[0])) fmt.Println(utf8.RuneStart(buf[1])) fmt.Println(utf8.RuneStart(buf[2])) }
Output:
true true false
func Valid ¶
Valid reports whether p consists entirely of valid UTF-8-encoded runes.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { valid := []byte("Hello, 世界") invalid := []byte{0xff, 0xfe, 0xfd} fmt.Println(utf8.Valid(valid)) fmt.Println(utf8.Valid(invalid)) }
Output:
true false
func ValidRune ¶
ValidRune reports whether r can be legally encoded as UTF-8. Code points that are out of range or a surrogate half are illegal.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { valid := 'a' invalid := rune(0xfffffff) fmt.Println(utf8.ValidRune(valid)) fmt.Println(utf8.ValidRune(invalid)) }
Output:
true false
func ValidString ¶
ValidString reports whether s consists entirely of valid UTF-8-encoded runes.
Example¶
Code:play
package main import ( "fmt" "unicode/utf8" ) func main() { valid := "Hello, 世界" invalid := string([]byte{0xff, 0xfe, 0xfd}) fmt.Println(utf8.ValidString(valid)) fmt.Println(utf8.ValidString(invalid)) }
Output:
true false
Source Files ¶
- Version
- v1.19.10
- Published
- Jun 1, 2023
- Platform
- darwin/amd64
- Last checked
- 3 seconds ago –
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